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A) In vitro GIA against 3D7 clone P. falciparum using i) a pool of purified total IgG from <t>R78C/Matrix-M</t> healthy UK adult vaccinees tested at 6 mg/mL; ii) protein alone controls (CyRPA and RIPR) both at 5 µM; iii) a pool of anti-RIPR EGF (9-10)-CTD mAbs (RP.063, RP.064, RP.073 and RP.085) and a pool of anti-RIPR EGF (6) mAbs (RP.047 and RP.107), both at 1 mg/mL; and iv) combinations of test samples. B ) GIA of the purified total IgG from R78C vaccinees combined with CyRPA protein along with addition of either or both of the anti-RIPR mAb pools (all concentrations as in panel A). Grey bars show % GIA predicted by Bliss additivity (PBA) of the test combinations, and blue bars how the measured % GIA. C ) GIA of the purified total IgG from R78C vaccinees (without CyRPA protein) tested at 6, 3 or 1 mg/mL alone (red bars) or with addition of both of the anti-RIPR mAb pools (at a fixed total concentration of 2 mg/mL). Grey and blue bars indicate predicted and measured GIA as in panel B. Bars show mean, N = 2 independent replicates. D ) Cartoon summary of the proposed two-step mechanism for GIA mediated by anti-RIPR-Tail antibodies. left: the full P. falciparum PCRCR-complex binds to basigin-MCT1 complexes on the erythrocyte surface. Centre left: binding of anti-RIPR EGF (6-8) mAbs (orange) can lead to partial GIA. Centre right: anti-RIPR (9-10)-CTD mAbs (blue) or anti-CSS sdAbs (yellow) that block the RIPR-CSS binding interface are normally unable to access their epitopes and so invasion proceeds (no GIA). Right: Binding of anti-RIPR EGF (6-8) antibodies constrains RIPR-Tail conformational flexibility and disrupts the low affinity RIPR-CSS interaction. Exposure of the RIPR-CSS binding interface now enables binding of anti-RIPR (9-10)-CTD mAbs or anti-CSS sdAbs to their epitopes, thus blocking further RIPR-CSS interaction and synergistically enhancing GIA.
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A) In vitro GIA against 3D7 clone P. falciparum using i) a pool of purified total IgG from <t>R78C/Matrix-M</t> healthy UK adult vaccinees tested at 6 mg/mL; ii) protein alone controls (CyRPA and RIPR) both at 5 µM; iii) a pool of anti-RIPR EGF (9-10)-CTD mAbs (RP.063, RP.064, RP.073 and RP.085) and a pool of anti-RIPR EGF (6) mAbs (RP.047 and RP.107), both at 1 mg/mL; and iv) combinations of test samples. B ) GIA of the purified total IgG from R78C vaccinees combined with CyRPA protein along with addition of either or both of the anti-RIPR mAb pools (all concentrations as in panel A). Grey bars show % GIA predicted by Bliss additivity (PBA) of the test combinations, and blue bars how the measured % GIA. C ) GIA of the purified total IgG from R78C vaccinees (without CyRPA protein) tested at 6, 3 or 1 mg/mL alone (red bars) or with addition of both of the anti-RIPR mAb pools (at a fixed total concentration of 2 mg/mL). Grey and blue bars indicate predicted and measured GIA as in panel B. Bars show mean, N = 2 independent replicates. D ) Cartoon summary of the proposed two-step mechanism for GIA mediated by anti-RIPR-Tail antibodies. left: the full P. falciparum PCRCR-complex binds to basigin-MCT1 complexes on the erythrocyte surface. Centre left: binding of anti-RIPR EGF (6-8) mAbs (orange) can lead to partial GIA. Centre right: anti-RIPR (9-10)-CTD mAbs (blue) or anti-CSS sdAbs (yellow) that block the RIPR-CSS binding interface are normally unable to access their epitopes and so invasion proceeds (no GIA). Right: Binding of anti-RIPR EGF (6-8) antibodies constrains RIPR-Tail conformational flexibility and disrupts the low affinity RIPR-CSS interaction. Exposure of the RIPR-CSS binding interface now enables binding of anti-RIPR (9-10)-CTD mAbs or anti-CSS sdAbs to their epitopes, thus blocking further RIPR-CSS interaction and synergistically enhancing GIA.
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A) In vitro GIA against 3D7 clone P. falciparum using i) a pool of purified total IgG from <t>R78C/Matrix-M</t> healthy UK adult vaccinees tested at 6 mg/mL; ii) protein alone controls (CyRPA and RIPR) both at 5 µM; iii) a pool of anti-RIPR EGF (9-10)-CTD mAbs (RP.063, RP.064, RP.073 and RP.085) and a pool of anti-RIPR EGF (6) mAbs (RP.047 and RP.107), both at 1 mg/mL; and iv) combinations of test samples. B ) GIA of the purified total IgG from R78C vaccinees combined with CyRPA protein along with addition of either or both of the anti-RIPR mAb pools (all concentrations as in panel A). Grey bars show % GIA predicted by Bliss additivity (PBA) of the test combinations, and blue bars how the measured % GIA. C ) GIA of the purified total IgG from R78C vaccinees (without CyRPA protein) tested at 6, 3 or 1 mg/mL alone (red bars) or with addition of both of the anti-RIPR mAb pools (at a fixed total concentration of 2 mg/mL). Grey and blue bars indicate predicted and measured GIA as in panel B. Bars show mean, N = 2 independent replicates. D ) Cartoon summary of the proposed two-step mechanism for GIA mediated by anti-RIPR-Tail antibodies. left: the full P. falciparum PCRCR-complex binds to basigin-MCT1 complexes on the erythrocyte surface. Centre left: binding of anti-RIPR EGF (6-8) mAbs (orange) can lead to partial GIA. Centre right: anti-RIPR (9-10)-CTD mAbs (blue) or anti-CSS sdAbs (yellow) that block the RIPR-CSS binding interface are normally unable to access their epitopes and so invasion proceeds (no GIA). Right: Binding of anti-RIPR EGF (6-8) antibodies constrains RIPR-Tail conformational flexibility and disrupts the low affinity RIPR-CSS interaction. Exposure of the RIPR-CSS binding interface now enables binding of anti-RIPR (9-10)-CTD mAbs or anti-CSS sdAbs to their epitopes, thus blocking further RIPR-CSS interaction and synergistically enhancing GIA.
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A) In vitro GIA against 3D7 clone P. falciparum using i) a pool of purified total IgG from R78C/Matrix-M healthy UK adult vaccinees tested at 6 mg/mL; ii) protein alone controls (CyRPA and RIPR) both at 5 µM; iii) a pool of anti-RIPR EGF (9-10)-CTD mAbs (RP.063, RP.064, RP.073 and RP.085) and a pool of anti-RIPR EGF (6) mAbs (RP.047 and RP.107), both at 1 mg/mL; and iv) combinations of test samples. B ) GIA of the purified total IgG from R78C vaccinees combined with CyRPA protein along with addition of either or both of the anti-RIPR mAb pools (all concentrations as in panel A). Grey bars show % GIA predicted by Bliss additivity (PBA) of the test combinations, and blue bars how the measured % GIA. C ) GIA of the purified total IgG from R78C vaccinees (without CyRPA protein) tested at 6, 3 or 1 mg/mL alone (red bars) or with addition of both of the anti-RIPR mAb pools (at a fixed total concentration of 2 mg/mL). Grey and blue bars indicate predicted and measured GIA as in panel B. Bars show mean, N = 2 independent replicates. D ) Cartoon summary of the proposed two-step mechanism for GIA mediated by anti-RIPR-Tail antibodies. left: the full P. falciparum PCRCR-complex binds to basigin-MCT1 complexes on the erythrocyte surface. Centre left: binding of anti-RIPR EGF (6-8) mAbs (orange) can lead to partial GIA. Centre right: anti-RIPR (9-10)-CTD mAbs (blue) or anti-CSS sdAbs (yellow) that block the RIPR-CSS binding interface are normally unable to access their epitopes and so invasion proceeds (no GIA). Right: Binding of anti-RIPR EGF (6-8) antibodies constrains RIPR-Tail conformational flexibility and disrupts the low affinity RIPR-CSS interaction. Exposure of the RIPR-CSS binding interface now enables binding of anti-RIPR (9-10)-CTD mAbs or anti-CSS sdAbs to their epitopes, thus blocking further RIPR-CSS interaction and synergistically enhancing GIA.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Structural basis for synergistic antibody protection against the essential malaria invasion complex protein RIPR

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.16.693247

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) In vitro GIA against 3D7 clone P. falciparum using i) a pool of purified total IgG from R78C/Matrix-M healthy UK adult vaccinees tested at 6 mg/mL; ii) protein alone controls (CyRPA and RIPR) both at 5 µM; iii) a pool of anti-RIPR EGF (9-10)-CTD mAbs (RP.063, RP.064, RP.073 and RP.085) and a pool of anti-RIPR EGF (6) mAbs (RP.047 and RP.107), both at 1 mg/mL; and iv) combinations of test samples. B ) GIA of the purified total IgG from R78C vaccinees combined with CyRPA protein along with addition of either or both of the anti-RIPR mAb pools (all concentrations as in panel A). Grey bars show % GIA predicted by Bliss additivity (PBA) of the test combinations, and blue bars how the measured % GIA. C ) GIA of the purified total IgG from R78C vaccinees (without CyRPA protein) tested at 6, 3 or 1 mg/mL alone (red bars) or with addition of both of the anti-RIPR mAb pools (at a fixed total concentration of 2 mg/mL). Grey and blue bars indicate predicted and measured GIA as in panel B. Bars show mean, N = 2 independent replicates. D ) Cartoon summary of the proposed two-step mechanism for GIA mediated by anti-RIPR-Tail antibodies. left: the full P. falciparum PCRCR-complex binds to basigin-MCT1 complexes on the erythrocyte surface. Centre left: binding of anti-RIPR EGF (6-8) mAbs (orange) can lead to partial GIA. Centre right: anti-RIPR (9-10)-CTD mAbs (blue) or anti-CSS sdAbs (yellow) that block the RIPR-CSS binding interface are normally unable to access their epitopes and so invasion proceeds (no GIA). Right: Binding of anti-RIPR EGF (6-8) antibodies constrains RIPR-Tail conformational flexibility and disrupts the low affinity RIPR-CSS interaction. Exposure of the RIPR-CSS binding interface now enables binding of anti-RIPR (9-10)-CTD mAbs or anti-CSS sdAbs to their epitopes, thus blocking further RIPR-CSS interaction and synergistically enhancing GIA.

Article Snippet: The VAC089 trial is a non-randomised, open-label, first-in-human, Phase 1a trial of the blood-stage malaria candidate vaccine R78C, alone or in combination with RH5.1, formulated with Novavax’s Matrix-M® adjuvant.

Techniques: In Vitro, Purification, Concentration Assay, Binding Assay, Blocking Assay